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1.
J. venom. anim. toxins incl. trop. dis ; 21: 1-8, 31/03/2015. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-741604

ABSTRACT

Background: Toxic cyanobacterial blooms are recurrent in Patos Lagoon, in southern Brazil. Among cyanotoxins, [D-Leu1] microcystin-LR is the predominant variant whose natural cycle involves water and sediment compartments. This study aimed to identify and isolate from sediment a bacterial strain capable of growing on [D-Leu1] microcystin-LR. Sediment and water samples were collected at two distinct aquatic spots: close to the Oceanographic Museum (P1), in Rio Grande City, and on São Lourenço Beach (P2), in São Lourenço do Sul City, southern Brazil. Methods: [D-Leu1] microcystin-LR was isolated and purified from batch cultures of Microcystis aeruginosastrain RST9501. Samples of water and sediment from Rio Grande and São Lourenço do Sul were collected. Bacteria from the samples were allowed to grow in flasks containing solely [D-Leu1] microcystin-LR. This strain named DMSX was isolated on agar MSM with 8 g L−1 glucose and further purified on a cyanotoxin basis growth. Microcystin concentration was obtained by using the ELISA immunoassay for microcystins whereas bacterial count was performed by epifluorescence microscopy. The genus Pseudomonas was identified by DNA techniques. Results; Although several bacterial strains were isolated from the samples, only one, DMXS, was capable of growing on [D-Leu1] microcystin-LR. The phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rRNA gene from DMXS strain classified the organism as Pseudomonas aeruginosa. DMXS strain incubated with [D-Leu1] microcystin-LR lowered the amount of toxin from 1 μg.L−1 to < 0.05 μg.L−1. Besides, an increase in the bacterial count–from 71 × 105 bacteria.mL−1 to 117 × 105 bacteria.mL−1–was observed along the incubation. Conclusions: The use of bacteria isolated from sediment for technological applications to remove toxic compounds is viable. Studies have shown that sediment plays an important role as ...


Subject(s)
Water/analysis , Biodegradation, Environmental , Cyanobacteria , Estuaries , Microcystins/toxicity , Sediments/analysis , Brazil
2.
Acta toxicol. argent ; 22(3): 145-148, dic. 2014. mapa
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-909592

ABSTRACT

Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii (Woloszyn´ ska) Seenayya et Subba Raju 1972 es una especie capaz de generar diversas toxinas que impactan negativamente sobre la calidad del agua destinada al consumo humano así como a otros usos de la misma. Cepas del hemisferio norte producen la hepatotoxina cilindrospermopsina, mientras que las sudamericanas generan las toxinas neurotóxicas saxitoxinas. No se ha reportado hasta el momento la producción de microcistinas por parte de esta especie El objetivo del presente estudio fue analizar la presencia de microcistinas en el agua del Arroyo Yatay en Corrientes, Argentina, y de cilindrospermopsina, saxitoxinas y microcistinas en cepas de C. raciborskii aisladas del mismo, mediante el ensayo por Inmuno Absorción Ligado a Enzimas (ELISA). Los resultados dieron negativos para microcistinas en el agua cruda, así como de cilindrospermopsina y saxitoxinas en el cultivo algal. Sin embargo, en el agua del cultivo se detectaron concentraciones de 2,34-2,50 µg. L-1 de microcistina-LR, confirmándose posteriormente su presencia mediante su análisis por Cromatografía Líquida de Alta Resolución (HPLC). En estudios posteriores se deberán realizar análisis moleculares a los fines de establecer la caracterización genética de la cepa en estudio e investigar su relación filogenética con otras cepas provenientes de diversos ambientes a nivel mundial.


Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii (Woloszyn´ ska) Seenayya et SubbaRaju 1972 is a species capable of generating toxins that negatively impact on drinking water quality as well as other water uses. Northern strains can produce the hepatotoxin cylindrospermopsin, while southern strains can produce the neurotoxin saxitoxins. Microcystins production by this species has not been reported to date.The aim of this study was to analyze the presence of microcystins in raw water of Steam Yatay in Corrientes, Argentina, and cylindrospermopsin, saxitoxins and microcystins in strains of C. raciborskii isolated from that stream, by means of Enzyme-Linked Immuno Sorbent Assay (ELISA).Results were negative for microcystins in raw water, as well as for cylindrospermopsin and saxitoxins in algal culture. Microcystins were detected in algal culture by ELISA test, at concentrations of 2.34-2.50 µg. L-1 of microcystin-LR, and subsequent confirmation by means of High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). Molecular studies should be carried out in the future to establish the genetic characterization of the strain under study and investigate their phylogenetic relationship with other strains from diverse environments.


Subject(s)
Cylindrospermopsis/pathogenicity , Microcystins/analysis , Argentina , Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid/methods , Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay/methods , Microcystins/toxicity
3.
Braz. j. biol ; 74(4): 753-760, 11/2014.
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-732297

ABSTRACT

Microcystins (MC) are the most studied toxins of cyanobacteria since they are widely distributed and account for several cases of human and animal poisoning, being potent inhibitors of the serine/threonine protein phosphatases 1 (PP1) and 2A (PP2A). The phosphatases PP1 and PP2A are also present in plants, which may also suffer adverse effects due to the inhibition of these enzymes. In aquatic plants, biomass reduction is usually observed after absorption of cyanotoxins, which can bioaccumulate in its tissues. In terrestrial plants, the effects caused by microcystins vary from inhibition to stimulation as the individuals develop from seedling to adult, and include reduction of protein phosphatases 1 and 2A, oxidative stress, decreased photosynthetic activity and even cell apoptosis, as well as bioaccumulation in plant tissues. Thus, the irrigation of crop plants by water contaminated with microcystins is not only an economic problem but becomes a public health issue because of the possibility of food contamination, and this route of exposure requires careful monitoring by the responsible authorities.


Microcistinas (MC) são as toxinas de cianobactérias mais estudadas, uma vez que são amplamente distribuídas e responsáveis por vários casos de intoxicação humana e animal. São potentes inibidoras das proteínas fosfatases serina/treonina 1 (PP1) e 2A (PP2A). As fosfatases PP1 e PP2A também estão presentes em plantas, as quais podem sofrer efeitos adversos devido à inibição dessas enzimas. Em plantas aquáticas, a redução da biomassa é geralmente observada após absorção de cianotoxinas que podem bioacumular em seus tecidos. Em plantas terrestres, os efeitos causados pelas microcistinas variam de inibição ao estímulo, como no desenvolvimento de plântulas ao estádio adulto, e incluem a redução de proteínas fosfatases 1 e 2A, estresse oxidativo, diminuição da atividade fotossintética e até mesmo apoptose celular, bem como a bioacumulação em tecidos de plantas. Assim, a irrigação de plantas cultivadas com água contaminada com microcistina não é apenas um problema econômico, mas torna-se um problema de saúde pública, devido à possibilidade de contaminação dos alimento, sendo uma via de exposição que requer um monitoramento cuidadoso por parte das autoridades responsáveis.


Subject(s)
Bacterial Toxins/toxicity , Crops, Agricultural/drug effects , Microcystins/toxicity , Crops, Agricultural/enzymology , Environmental Monitoring , Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic/drug effects , Protein Phosphatase 1/antagonists & inhibitors , /antagonists & inhibitors
4.
São Paulo; s.n; 2011. 275 p. ilus, tab, graf.
Thesis in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-639142

ABSTRACT

A demanda crescente de água doce de boa qualidade são problemas atuais e mundiais, além do descaso com os dejetos lançados nos ambientes aquáticos que comprometem a qualidade dos recursos hídricos. Um dos parâmetros que atesta a potabilidade da água é a presença de cianobactérias e cianotoxinas. Cianobactérias são microrganismos procariontes aeróbicos fotoautróficos que sintetizam as cianotoxinas. Estes compostos podem ser classificados de acordo com seus mecanismos de ação em hepatotóxicos, neurotóxicos e dermatotóxicos. Por sua diversidade, representam diferentes riscos não só ao ecossistema e a outros organismos dos ambientes aquáticos, como também aos seres humanos. Esse projeto visou o isolamento e cultivo de cepas de cianobactérias produtoras de toxinas para a investigação da biossíntese desses compostos. Com este intuito, foram realizadas coletas de água em três reservatórios no estado de São Paulo e um no Paraná. Cepas de cianobactérais foram isoladas, identificadas e analisadas quanto à produção de toxinas. Uma cepa de Microcystis aeruginosa (LTPNA 02) produtora de microcistinas (MC-LR, MC-RR, MC-YR, MC-LF, MC-LW e desm-MC-LR e desm- MC-RR) foi escolhida para ser estudada frente diferentes condições de cultivo e ter o seu crescimento, produção de toxinas e expressão gênica estudados. Foram utilizados os meios de cultura já referidos na literatura: ASM-1 (N:P=1, 10 e 20), MLA (N:P=10), Bold 3N (N:P=16) e BG-11 (N:P=10 e 100). Para acompanhar o crescimento, dois métodos foram utilizados: contagem de células e espectrofotometria. As toxinas foram quantificadas por LC-MS - QTrap. A análise da expressão gênica foi realizada por reação de PCR em tempo real pelo método de quantificação relativa ΔΔCt. Foi observada diferença no crescimento da cepa estudada nos diferentes meios de cultivo empregados. A contagem das células permitiu a identificação das fases logarítmica e total de crescimento. Durante a fase logarítmica, três experimentos demonstraram...


There is a great concern these days about potable and good quality water due to the increase of the population needs and also to the arising problems with contamination caused by anthropogenic sources. The presence of cyanobacteria and cyanotoxins are some parameters that attest water potability. Cyanobacteria are prokaryotic aerobic photoautotrophic microorganisms that may synthesize cyanotoxins. These compounds can be classified as hepatotoxic, neurotoxic and dermatotoxic according to their action mechanisms. Because of their diversity, they may represent different risks, not only to their ecosystem and other aquatic living organisms, but also to human beings. The aim of this project was the isolation and cultivation of cyanotoxin-producing cyanobacteria for further investigation on the biosynthesis of these compounds. Water samples from three different reservoirs in São Paulo state and one in Paraná state were collected in order to isolate cyanobacteria strains and accomplish their identification and to evaluate the toxin production. The Microcystis aeruginosa (LTPNA 02) microcystin producer strain (MCLR, MC-RR, MC-YR, MC-LF, MC-LW, desm-MC-LR and desm-MC-RR) was chosen to be grown in different cultivation conditions and later analyzed for its growth rate, toxin production and gene expression. All culture media used in this research were chosen according to the literature: ASM-1 (N:P=1, 10 and 20), MLA (N:P=10), Bold 3N (N:P=16) and BG-11 (N:P=10 and 100). To evaluate growth rate, two techniques were used: cell counting and absorbance determination in two different wavelengths (680 nm and 750 nm). Toxins were quantified by LC-MS in a hybrid triple-quadrupole instrument (Qtrap). Gene expression was assessed by real time PCR, using the ΔΔCt relative quantification method. Cell counting allowed total growth and logarithmic phase identification. During the last, three experiments showed statistical difference from control group (p<0,05). Four experiments...


Subject(s)
Cyanobacteria/ultrastructure , Biochemical Phenomena , Bacterial Toxins/analysis , Bacterial Toxins/biosynthesis , Gene Expression/physiology , Microcystins/biosynthesis , Microcystins/chemistry , Microcystins/toxicity
5.
Recife; s.n; 2011. 171 p. ilus.
Thesis in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-600467

ABSTRACT

Este trabalho objetiva estudar o que em 1996 a imprensa local denominou como a Tragédia da Hemodiálise. Um surto de intoxicação em pacientes renais crônicos de uma clínica de Hemodiálise localizada no município de Caruaru, situado na região semi-árida do agreste pernambucano. Para tanto, foram analisadas as condições sócio-ambientais no período do episódio, os sistemas de abastecimento da cidade e de duas clínicas de hemodiálise desse município. Trata-se de um estudo de caso empregando como triangulação metodológica um sistema de matrizes de dados (SAMAJA, 2000). A utilização desse método se deu em função da grande quantidade de variáveis de níveis diferentes. Como fonte de informação foi utilizada o processo de ação civil pública movido pelo Ministério Público de Pernambuco e os relatórios da CPI da Hemodiálise realizado pela Assembléia Legislativa do Estado de Pernambuco e anexado aos autos do processo. Contou também com informações pluviométricas e de clima para caracterização ambiental no período do evento. Os resultados do estudo apontaram que para além da Microcistina LR, como causa direta o fornecimento de água não potável a clínica através de caminhões pipa, de responsabilidade concessionária pelo abastecimento estadual, e como o contexto de vulnerabilidades, formado pela composição de condicionantes, tais como: que passam pela ausência de na gestão integrada do meio ambiente e do recursos hídricos e de Vigilância da Saúde.


This article aims to study what, in 1996, the local Newspaper Reported like “The Hemodialysis Tragedy”, an intoxication outbreak in chronical kidney patients from Caruaru, a city in Pernambuco’s semi-arid region. Chasing this goal, environmental and sociological conditions related to such episode have been analysed. It is a case study that takes in consideration a data matrix as a triangulation of methods (SAMAJA, 2000). The use of such methodology was chosen based on the wide number of variables in different levels. The process of public civil action endorsed by Pernambuco’s Public Ministry and the reports of the Congress Hemodialysis commission were used as information sources. It has also taken advantage of rainfall and weather information for environmental purposes in such period. The study’s results that more than the LR Microcystin as the outbreak’s etiological agent, other vulnerability contexts were responsible by the event like: insuficient integradted action from the public institucions; Absence the environmental management as the general cause.


Subject(s)
Cytotoxins , Hemodialysis Units, Hospital , Microcystins/toxicity , Renal Dialysis , Water Pollution , Water Supply
6.
São Paulo; s.n; 9 jan. 2009. 182 p. ilus, tab, graf.
Thesis in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-508066

ABSTRACT

Microcistinas (MCs) são heptapeptídeos cíclicos produzidos por cianobactérias e possuem potente hepatotoxicidade e atividade promotora de tumor. Em intoxicações agudas induzidas por MCs ocorre infiltração leucocitária no foco inflamatório. Embora os mecanismos de hepatotoxicidade não são claros, o recrutamento de neutrófilos no fígado pode contribuir ao dano tecidual e desenvolvimento tumoral causados por xenobióticos. O objetivo dessa tese foi investigar os efeitos de três estruturalmente distintas MCs (MC-LA, MC-YR e MC-LR) nas seguintes funções de neutrófilos: síntese e expressão de moléculas de adesão, rolamento, adesão, migração e liberação de citocinas e de ROS. Nos ensaios de migração em bolsa de ar, as três MCs induziram similarmente a migração leucócitos in vivo em tecido subcutâneo de ratos e diferencialmente a secreção citocinas pró-inflamatórias (CINC, IL-1β, TNF-α, VEGF-α e MIP) no exsudato. Concentrações elevadas de CINC-2αβ foram encontradas nos exsudatos inflamatórios de animais após injeção de MC-LA, MC-LR ou MC-YR. MIP-2 elevou-se apenas em exsudatos de animais expostos a MC-LR. Não foram observadas alterações em secreção de IL-1β, TNF-α e VEGF-α...


Subject(s)
Humans , Animals , Rats , Neutrophil Activation/immunology , Cyanobacteria/growth & development , Reactive Oxygen Species , In Vitro Techniques , Inflammation/immunology , Microcystins/analysis , Microcystins/chemistry , Microcystins/toxicity , Oxidative Stress , Toxins, Biological/analysis , Water Microbiology , Biological Assay , Blood Specimen Collection , Centrifugation , Flow Cytometry , Polymerase Chain Reaction
7.
J. venom. anim. toxins incl. trop. dis ; 15(2): 204-215, 2009. ilus, mapas, tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-517281

ABSTRACT

Blooms of the cyanobacterium Trichodesmium occur in massive colored patches over large areas of tropical and subtropical oceans. Recently, the interest in such events has increased given their role in major nitrogen and carbon dioxide oceanic fluxes. Trichodesmium occurs all along the Brazilian coast and patches frequently migrate towards the coast. In this paper we screen the toxicity and toxin content of Trichodesmium blooms off the coast of Bahia state. Four samples, collected from February to April 2007, were analyzed. Organisms were identified and assessed for toxicity by means of several methods. Analogues of microcystins, cylindrospermopsins and saxitoxins were analyzed using HPLC. Microcystins were also assayed through ELISA. Results showed dominance of T. erythraeum, which makes up as much as 99 percent of cell counts. Other organisms found in smaller quantities include the dinoflagellates Prorocentrum minimum and P. rhathymum. Extracts from all samples delayed or interrupted sea urchin larval development, but presented no acute toxicity during a mouse bioassay. Saxitoxin congeners and microcystins were present at low concentrations in all samples, occurrences that had not previously been reported in the literature. Despite our finding of saxitoxin analogues and microcystins in Trichodesmium blooms, these toxins do not represent a potential harm to human health by primary contact. We conclude, based on our results and those reported in the recent literature, which differ from results published in 1963, that although toxins are present, there is no evidence that T. erythraeum blooms represent a threat to humans.


Subject(s)
Cyanobacteria , Flowers , Microcystins/toxicity
8.
Braz. j. microbiol ; 39(4): 761-769, Dec. 2008. ilus, graf, tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-504320

ABSTRACT

Reports of cyanobacterial blooms developing worldwide have considerably increased, and, in most cases, the predominant toxins are microcystins. The present study reports a cyanobacterial bloom in Lake Violão, Torres, Rio Grande do Sul State, in January 2005. Samples collected on January 13, 2005, were submitted to taxonomical, toxicological, and chemical studies. The taxonomical analysis showed many different species of cyanobacteria, and that Microcystis protocystis and Sphaerocavum cf. brasiliense were dominant. Besides these, Microcystis panniformis, Anabaena oumiana,Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii, and Anabaenopsis elenkinii f. circularis were also present. The toxicity of the bloom was confirmed through intraperitoneal tests in mice, and chemical analyses of bloom extracts showed that the major substance was anabaenopeptin F, followed by anabaenopeptin B, microcystin-LR, and microcystin-RR.


O número de relatos de ocorrências de florações de cianobactérias em todo o mundo vem aumentando consideravelmente e na maioria desses episódios, as toxinas dominantes são as microcistinas. O presente estudo relata a ocorrência de floração na Lagoa do Violão, município de Torres, RS, em janeiro de 2005. As amostras coletadas em 13/01/2005 foram submetidas a estudos taxonômicos, toxicológicos e químicos. O exame microscópico do fitoplancton mostrou a dominância das espécies Microcystis protocystis e Sphaerocavum cf. brasiliense; foram observadas, também, Microcystis panniformis, Anabaena oumiana,Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii e Anabaenopsis elenkinii f. circularis. A toxicidade da floração foi confirmada através de ensaio intraperitonial em camundongos e a análise química de extratos obtidos da biomassa liofilizada mostrou que a substância majoritária era a anabaenopeptina F, seguida por anabaenopeptina B, microcistina-LR e microcistina-RR.


Subject(s)
Anabaena , Cyanobacteria , Flowers/toxicity , Microcystins/toxicity , Phytoplankton , Toxicology , Methods , Methods , Toxicological Symptoms
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